Background
Health professionals not specialised in palliative care service, frequently report finding end-of-life discussions uncomfortable and hard to initiate. [3-5,7] Clinicians seek evidence-based guidance on strategies for discussing end-of-life matters with people and their significant others. [5,7,8]
Evidence Summary
Good communication at the end of a person’s life involves the ability to both give and receive information at a time where strong emotions and stress can affect even the most experienced clinician. [4,8,9] Strong communication skills can be valuable. For health professionals, having as much information as possible from the patient is vital to ensure any plans and decisions are inclusive and that staff are advocating appropriately for them. [2,4,5,7,8]
There is consensus that people who have a terminal diagnosis should be provided with opportunities to discuss their future care and treatment preferences in the form of advance care planning (ACP) discussions (see also Advance Care Planning and Communication at End-of-Life pages). [6,7,9] People and their families dealing with a life-limiting illness rarely raise the topic of end-of-life preferences, and often look to their medical team to initiate these discussions. [4,7] However, health professionals frequently report finding these discussions uncomfortable and hard to initiate, [4,7] particularly where there is uncertainty as to whether the person and their family are ready or willing to accept the information. [4,7] In addition, there is an increasing need for provision of palliative care services to older adults, often in a community or residential aged care context, from non-specialist health professionals. As such, ambiguity regarding roles and anxiety over ability to communicate sensitive information to people is partially responsible for end-of-life planning and discussion being delayed or not occurring at all. [1,4]
Currently there are no standard definitions of a communication intervention for upskilling health professionals and there is substantial variation in delivery, content and measurable outcomes in the literature. General consensus is that training should include strategies for effectively communicating prognostic information, mediating disagreement, supporting people and their family by acting on their statements and nonverbal cues and responding to their needs to facilitate shared decision making. [6] The use of role-playing as part of an educational approach with refresher training is thought to have favourable outcomes for increased confidence and knowledge. [4,5,7]
Communication tools such as prompt questions have been shown to assist with initiation of end-of-life discussions in one review [4], but otherwise tools have not demonstrated significant difference to usual care. Conversely, a review of how language is used in such discussions found a number of questioning techniques that were successful in initiating conversations while promoting clinician sincerity and empathy. [7]
In the care of people with dementia, communication skills play an important role in quality of care, the emotional and physical wellbeing of the care givers and care recipients [10-13] and discussion about future care. [10,11] Effective interventions involved active participation by carers and care staff and were generally skills-based (including practicing skills, discussion, hands-on training with counselling and feedback on real interactions between the participating carers and people with dementia). [11-13]
In summary, there is evidence that communication training for health care professionals in palliative care is warranted. Common features of successful interventions are that they should include combined components of training, patient discussion, education and written documentation that is delivered via mixed teaching methods e.g. didactic, role-playing etc. [3,11-13] Key outcomes should be that training facilitates patient understanding of their condition, prognosis where possible and promoting of ACP discussions. ACP conversations should focus on goals of care rather than specific treatments and clinicians should be responsive to the emotional reaction to discussions. [9] Further research in an aged care and palliative context is needed. [1-5,9-13]
Quality Statement
Overall the quality of the evidence was found to be low with limitations generally from the lack of reporting on the quality of the studies included and the paucity of robust study design in the primary studies.
Page updated 16 June 2021